U.s. Constitution And Articles Of Confederation - 843 Words

The U.S. Constitution and Articles of Confederation If society didn’t have standards that were enforced to help prevent harm to society by its members, how different would it be? These standards are broken into two different types, verbal and written. Although, one can distinguish between the two standards, verbal standards are those that are not written down, but yet passed down among many generations and are not easily enforce, whereas written standards, are the complete opposite. There were two attempts at a supreme law or the constitution of the United States of America to help with standards. These two attempts include the Articles of Confederation and The U.S. Constitution. Congress approved the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, but was later ratified by the states on March 1, 1781. This document was the new country’s attempt for a union and form a national government. The Articles formed a union that gave majority of power to the states. The Articles of Confederation was written by the Continental Congress, which was a convention of delegates from the new 13 colonies that became the governing body of the U.S. during the American Revolution. Like stated before, its main purpose was to be the first constitution for the United States. Due to the lack of authority or structure in this document, a new constitution were written. The new constitution was a basis for a more unified government with more power than the Articles of Confederation. This newShow MoreRelatedThe Articles of Confederation and the Consitution964 Words   |  4 Pageswould lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selection process, and executive authority. After winning its independence from England, the U.S, now situated over a vast portion of the eastern seaboard. They neededRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words   |  5 Pageswould lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selection process, and executive authority. After winning its independence from England, the U.S, now situated over a vast portion of the eastern seaboard. They neededRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreEssay on A.P.U.S.H. 1776626 Words   |  3 Pageshelp the U.S. because they wanted America to be free, but they did it for their own reasons. They wanted to crush the British for not only the French and Indian War but other external reasons. 3. Was the U.S. in a crisis under the Articles of the Confederations, or was the â€Å"crisis† exaggerated by the Federalists to justify their movements? Could the U.S. have survived if the Articles had stayed in effect? Yes the U.S. was definitely under crisis with the Articles of the Confederations! The ArticlesRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Of The Constitution1179 Words   |  5 Pagesthe framers of the constitution either attended or graduated college, were involved in the American Revolution, and had already been involved in the government. The Constitutional Convention was a meeting held in Philadelphia between May and September of 1787. There, delegates discussed revisions to the United States Government. The Constitutional Convention was held in order to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation. Many of the ideasRead MoreHistory Of The Constitution, The Foundation Of Our National Government1323 Wor ds   |  6 PagesEnglish III 20 April 2015 History of the Constitution The U.S. constitution is the foundation of our national government. On September 17, 1787 it was signed by the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia (The U.S. Constitution). By signing this, the Constitution replaced the first governing document called the Articles of Confederation. Before it could be passed, it had to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. Soon after the Constitution was finally ratified, in 1791 the governmentRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781 represented the former colonist’s first attempt to establish a new government after the Revolutionary War. These Articles provided a weak political document that was meant to keep the states united temporarily. The states had all the power, so any changes made to the Article of Confederation would take every state to approve it or amend it. In February 1787, Congress decided that a convention should be conve ned to revise the Article of ConfederationRead MoreThe Debate On What Form Of Government The United States1021 Words   |  5 PagesStates of America’s first constitution was ratified by all thirteen states in 1781. The constitution that unified the thirteen colonies by law was the Articles of Confederation; it established a weak central government that was adherent to the states. Therefore, the first form of government the United States officially had was a confederacy; which is where power is given to the central government through states. However, the new central government the Articles of Confederation created several shortcomings;Read MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Was A Loose, League Of Friendship853 Words   |  4 PagesThe Articles of Confederation was a loose â€Å"league of friendship† between the thirteen colonies that would create a confederation in contrast to Great Britain s unitary system. While the Articles of Confederation helped establish a syste mic role in trying to unify many of the states under a weak central government, it later created many more problems than solutions. One of them being that Congress had no ability to propose taxes to deal with war debts and running the government. Another weaknessRead MoreArticles of Confederation and the Constitution Essay780 Words   |  4 Pageswould be incorrect to say that the government of the Articles of Confederation was a complete failure, it would be logical to advance the idea that the more powerful national government established under the constitution of 1787 was essential to the survival of the American Union. Between the two documents there were some drastic differences of opinion on governing tactics as mentioned in the Articles of Confederation compared to the Constitution of 1787 (Doc. C). Major differences were composited

Speaker identification and verification over short...

SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OVER SHORT DISTANCE TELEPHONE LINES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Ganesh K Venayagamoorthy, Narend Sunderpersadh, and Theophilus N Andrew gkumar@ieee.org sundern@telkom.co.za theo@wpo.mlsultan.ac.za Electronic Engineering Department, M L Sultan Technikon, P O Box 1334, Durban, South Africa. ABSTRACT Crime and corruption have become rampant today in our society and countless money is lost each year due to white collar crime, fraud, and embezzlement. This paper presents a technique of an ongoing work to combat white-collar crime in telephone transactions by identifying and verifying speakers using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Results are presented to show the potential of this technique. 1.†¦show more content†¦Often after a long legal battle, the victims are left with a worthless judgement and no recovery. One solution to avoid white collar crimes and shorten the lengthy time in locating and serving perpetrators with a judgement is by the use of biometrics techniques for identifying and verifying individuals. Biometrics are methods for recognizing a user based on his/her unique physiological and/or behavioural characteristics. These characteristics include fingerprints, speech, face, retina, iris, hand-written signature, hand geometry, wrist veins, etc. Biometric systems are being commercially developed for a number of financial and securit applications. Many people today have access to their company’s information systems by logging in from home. Also, internet services and telephone banking are widely used by the corporate and private sectors. Therefore to protect one’s resources or information with a simple password is not reliable and secure in the world of today. The conventional methods of using keys, access passwords and access cards are being easily overcome by peo ple with criminal intention. Voice signals as a unique behavioral characteristics is proposed in this paper for speaker identification and verification over short distance telephone lines using artificial neural networks. This will address the white collar crimes over the telephone lines. Speaker identification [1] and verification [2] overShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesleft blank CONTENTS Preface xvii Chapter 1 Managing IT in a Digital World 1 Recent Information Technology Trends 2 Computer Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Mobile 2 Computer Software: Integrated, Downloadable, Social 2 Computer Networks: High Bandwidth, Wireless, Cloudy New Ways to Compete 4 New Ways to Work 5 Managing IT in Organizations Managing IT Resources IT Leadership Roles 4 5 5 7 The Topics and Organization of This Textbook 8 Review Questions

Auditing Assurance Services and Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Assurance Services and Techniques. Answer: Introduction When carrying out of an audit, the auditor generally classifies audit risk into three parts. These three errors include the inherent risk, detection risk, and the control risk. An inherent risk can be defined as the possibility of incorrect or misleading information in accounting statements. An example includes a situation where the accountants use a larger than normal amount of judgment and approximation. Also, the risk can surface where the accountant uses of a complex financial instrument in the interpretation or preparation of financial reports. (DeLoach 2013, p. 56-60) From the One Tel Case, the management has a duty to ensure compliance in aspects as required by the IAS. Literally, it can be observed that the company prepares and reports its financial reports as provided by the IFRS. Since the company operates in various countries, there is an element of complexity in the reporting. The chances of having a high level of audit risks are so inevitable. Because of the complexity in financial reporting for the parent and subsidiary, the auditor will consider assessing the risks levels for the assignment. In particular, the inherent risks, control risks, and detection risks will be assessed and assigned a specific percentage. The higher percentage in any of the mentioned three will require the auditor to apply other skills he/she possess in establishing an appropriate approach to be applied during the audit. Also, the identification of the audit risk level is important to the auditor in considering whether to accept or reject an assignment. (Chan et al . 2008) All organizations are legally required to prepare their financial reports. The report is essentially required by various parties. The parties include the government, the banks, the shareholders, the creditors of the company and the prospective investors. For instance, the government requires the report in verifying the information filed by the company in the tax systems. And the shareholders will use the report in determining the viability of the investment. The investors majorly rely on the financial ratios in ascertaining the return on the investment. To enhance transparency, the auditor is obligated with perusing various documents to check key aspects of conformity, disclosure, assertions and others in the prepared reports. (Karen 2012, p. 56-63) The paper has started by outlining and discussing possible factors that contributed to an increased inherent risk assessment at the financial report level. Further, the paper has discussed on the factors that can be identified during strategic business risk assessment. In addition, the paper has discussed several inherent risks factors that would have contributed to increased inherent risk assessment at the account balance levels. And finally, the paper has assessed the level of going concern by giving factors supporting the basis of the decision about One Tel company. (Armour 2010, p. 65) Factors That Contributed To an Increased Inherent Risk Assessment at The Financial Report Level As earlier defined, an inherent risk refers to the susceptibility of an assertion about a transaction, account balance or disclosure to be misstated. Generally, the auditor determines the likelihood of the misstatement before establishing the effectiveness of the client's internal control systems. Areas that are exposed to high rates of misstatement are given greater consideration. For instance, the auditor uses a different approach in examining cash balances as compared to asset and inventory entries. The reason for the difference in the used approaches in assessing the inherent risks levels is attributed to the rate of exposure to the financial misstatement. (Flbier et al. 2015) On the case of One Tel Company, the factors that contributed to an increased inherent risk assessment at the financial report level includes the following: discrepancies of the accounting records, unusual relationships between the auditor and the management, lack of management competence, high earnings growth expectations, disagreement over financial reporting, auditors resignation, unusual transactions, transactions which most of the revenue or expense is recognized at inception of transaction, financial results that seem too good to be true, insistence of the chief executive officer to be present at all meetings and complex business arrangements that serve little practical purpose to the organization. (Kinney 2009, p. 83-90) To start with, the discrepancies of the accounting records, signals an element of misstatement of the reports. Such instance creates an attention to the auditor and may intensify the approaches to use during the audit. If the most of the items are affected by the discrepancies, the auditor will have no otherwise but question the fairness, truthfulness and the completeness of the statements. The unusual relationships between the management and the auditor are aspects that compromise the independence of the audit. In fact, the auditor is not required to associate, or accept gifts from the management. Also, he/she is not supposed to have a family, blood or business relationship with the client. These are metrics that are perceived to interfere with the audit opinion. If such relationships exist between the parties, the level of inherent risk on the financial reports will increase. (Karla et al. 2011) The management is required to be competent enough in ensuring true, fair and accurate results are prepared. Lack of management competence increases the assessment of inherent risks in the financial reports by the auditor. Therefore, the auditor basically examines the competence level of the management in assessing the internal controls that will finally give a leeway in designing the audit approach. Also, a disagreement over the financial reporting by the prior auditor signifies the high levels of inherent risks in the financial statements. Based on this, the chances of having high levels of inherent risks in the next financial reports are very high. Therefore, the current auditor will assign a high inherent risk assessment level on financial misstatement before performing the audit. (Lam 2009, p. 65-67) In cases where the auditor finds most aspect compromising the auditors issuance of an appropriate opinion, resignation becomes the only appropriate alternative. For instance, if the previous auditor resigned from office, the current auditor will assign a high level of inherent risks on the financial reports misstatements. Also, the unusual transactions with outsiders signal an aspect of fraudulent. These are transactions that may involve large sums of money and possesses attributes of insufficient disclosure. In such a scenario, the auditor is alerted to give an appropriate assessment on the financial reports. (Krasnov 2013, p. 37-43) Another aspect earlier stated include financial results that seem too good to be true. These are transactions that are perfect in all areas until to lure the auditor in reducing the level of risk assessment. The truth of the matter will be that the auditor examination will unearth cases of misstatement. Finally, the chief executive officers insistence to be present at all meetings can be perceived as an aim to cover a fraudulent activity. The auditor studies the management behaviour in establishing risk assessment levels.(Lindow et al. 2009) Perhaps, the explored factors have been used in the assessment of inherent risk levels. Also, some of these factors can be used during the strategic business risk assessment. The assessment compares the organization capability in relation to its close competitors. For this case, the factors used include the management competence, the earnings growth expectations, transactions for which most of the revenue or expense are recognized at the inception of the transaction, complex arrangements that serve little practical purpose, and more. These factors are classified under strategic assessment because of their ability to address management and operational concerns. (Needles et al. 2013) Inherent Risk Factors That Would Have Contributed To an Increased Inherent Risk Assessment at The Account Balance Basically, the account balances are affected by the calculation, recording, and the adjustment performed on the accounts. Some of the factors that contribute to increased assessment on the account balances include the following. To start with, the incomplete accounts. Here is where the accounts likely require adjustments. Once the auditor notices this shortcoming on the account balances, the need for intensifying the assessment of inherent risks heightens. Also, the complexity of the underlying transactions alerts the auditor. If discovered that the recorded transactions are so complex to require a third eye for understanding, then the need of increasing the risk assessment levels increases. And the vice versa is true. (Lowers 2013, p. 115-130) In addition, the auditor also checks on the account balances if the recordings were originally reached or reached through judgment. If the judgment was involved in determining the account balances, then there are high chances of increasing the risk assessment levels. In some occasion, the auditor may just decide to increase the risk assessment the susceptibility of the assets to loss or misappropriation is very high. Further, the result of the previous audit greatly impacts on the current risk assessment. If the results from the previous audits indicate that many errors were made in recording the accounts receivable and payables, then probably the likelihood of it repeating in the current years is inevitable. Once the auditor realizes it from the previous audit report, then he/she has no otherwise than increasing the risk assessment on the account balances. (Needles et al. 2013) Another evaluation method includes checking the history of the company on inventory pricing. If the company has a history of inventory pricing errors, then the chances of increasing the risk assessment increases and vice versa. The same applies to the company that has a history of inventory cut-off problems. In discovering that the company endlessly suffers such problems, the inherent risk assessment levels increases. Other self-explanatory factors include the management estimates for the provision for doubtful debts have not been accurate over the past, transactions not subject to ordinary processing, the occurrence of unusual and complex transactions at or near the year end, and more. (Bodine et al. 2014) Assessing the Area of Going Concern for One Tel Company Although the company recorded a net loss during the fiscal year ended 2000 but this is insufficient to make us term the going concern as high or low. It is quite obvious that the going concern for the company is medium. In addition, the companys asset base increased during this period, giving a clear indication that the business will effectively continue to operate in the future. Other key factors that likely to affect the decision on the going concern of the company include the size and the complexity of the organization, the nature, and condition of the business, the degree to which the organization is affected by external factors, the information available regarding bankruptcy and staffing issues and the degree of uncertainty. (Lowers 2013, p. 115-130) To sum up, the going concern of the One Tel Company is still stable. Despite the intensified competition on the market, the company can still pick dominate more market areas. And the success will primarily depend on the ability of the management in establishing effective operational and marketing strategies. But for now, it is quite clear that the company will still remain under operation for the unspecified period of time. (Cernius 2012, p. 76-85) References Armour, M. (2010). Internal Control: Governance Framework and Business Risk Assessment at Reed Elsevier, Auditing: Practice and Theory Supplement 6(150), 65 Bodine, S.W.,A.Pugliese, and P.L. Walker. (2014). A Road Map to Risk Management: Accountancy, 10(5), 525-538. Chan, L., James L. (2008). The Structure of Government Accounting Standards: Auditing of government agencies. London: Palgrave- Macmillan, (1)66, 441-445. Cernius G. (2012). The New Role of The Going Concern Concept In Corporate Finance Management. Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business, 12(3), 7685. DeLoach, J. W. (2013). Enterprise-Wide Risk Management: Strategies for Linking Risk and Opportunity, Financial Time Prentice Hall, 3(19), 56-60 Flbier RU, Klein M. (2015). Balancing Past and Present: The impact of accounting internationalization on German accounting regulations. Accounting History, 20(87), 342-74. Hare, V.C. (2009) Systems Analysis: A Diagnostic Approach, New York: Harcount, Brace, and World, Inc, 27(43), 23-26 Karen K.W. Li. (2012). School of Accountancy: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Hong Kong Standards on Auditing, 28(6), 56-63 Karla M. Johnston, Audrey A. Gramlin, (2011). Auditing: A risk based approach to conducting a quality Audit. South Western. Cengage learning, 7(21), 25-52 Kinney, W.R. (2008). Information Quality Assurance and Internal Control for Management Decisions: Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 3(22), 87-92 Kinney, W.R. (2009). Research Opportunities in Internal Control Quality Assurance and Auditing: Practice and Theory, Supplement, 20(2), 83-90. Krasnov V.D. (2013). Analysis Of The Factors That Cause Doubt In Going Concern, And Their Impact On The Financial Position Of The Organization. International Accounting, 43(33), 3743. Lam, J. (2009). Enterprise-Wide Risk: Management and the Role of the Chief Risk Officer, Erisk.com, 6(10), 65-67 Lindow, P., and J. Race. (2009). Beyond Traditional Audit Techniques: Accountancy, 65(7), 28-33. Lowers, Timothy J. (2013). Auditing and Assurance Services: New York. McGraw, 24(2), 115-130 Needles, Belverd E.,Powers., Miriam (2013). Principles of Financial Accounting Series: London. Cengage Learning, 23(4), 86-92