Speaker identification and verification over short...

SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OVER SHORT DISTANCE TELEPHONE LINES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Ganesh K Venayagamoorthy, Narend Sunderpersadh, and Theophilus N Andrew gkumar@ieee.org sundern@telkom.co.za theo@wpo.mlsultan.ac.za Electronic Engineering Department, M L Sultan Technikon, P O Box 1334, Durban, South Africa. ABSTRACT Crime and corruption have become rampant today in our society and countless money is lost each year due to white collar crime, fraud, and embezzlement. This paper presents a technique of an ongoing work to combat white-collar crime in telephone transactions by identifying and verifying speakers using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Results are presented to show the potential of this technique. 1.†¦show more content†¦Often after a long legal battle, the victims are left with a worthless judgement and no recovery. One solution to avoid white collar crimes and shorten the lengthy time in locating and serving perpetrators with a judgement is by the use of biometrics techniques for identifying and verifying individuals. Biometrics are methods for recognizing a user based on his/her unique physiological and/or behavioural characteristics. These characteristics include fingerprints, speech, face, retina, iris, hand-written signature, hand geometry, wrist veins, etc. Biometric systems are being commercially developed for a number of financial and securit applications. Many people today have access to their company’s information systems by logging in from home. Also, internet services and telephone banking are widely used by the corporate and private sectors. Therefore to protect one’s resources or information with a simple password is not reliable and secure in the world of today. The conventional methods of using keys, access passwords and access cards are being easily overcome by peo ple with criminal intention. Voice signals as a unique behavioral characteristics is proposed in this paper for speaker identification and verification over short distance telephone lines using artificial neural networks. This will address the white collar crimes over the telephone lines. Speaker identification [1] and verification [2] overShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesleft blank CONTENTS Preface xvii Chapter 1 Managing IT in a Digital World 1 Recent Information Technology Trends 2 Computer Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Mobile 2 Computer Software: Integrated, Downloadable, Social 2 Computer Networks: High Bandwidth, Wireless, Cloudy New Ways to Compete 4 New Ways to Work 5 Managing IT in Organizations Managing IT Resources IT Leadership Roles 4 5 5 7 The Topics and Organization of This Textbook 8 Review Questions

Auditing Assurance Services and Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Assurance Services and Techniques. Answer: Introduction When carrying out of an audit, the auditor generally classifies audit risk into three parts. These three errors include the inherent risk, detection risk, and the control risk. An inherent risk can be defined as the possibility of incorrect or misleading information in accounting statements. An example includes a situation where the accountants use a larger than normal amount of judgment and approximation. Also, the risk can surface where the accountant uses of a complex financial instrument in the interpretation or preparation of financial reports. (DeLoach 2013, p. 56-60) From the One Tel Case, the management has a duty to ensure compliance in aspects as required by the IAS. Literally, it can be observed that the company prepares and reports its financial reports as provided by the IFRS. Since the company operates in various countries, there is an element of complexity in the reporting. The chances of having a high level of audit risks are so inevitable. Because of the complexity in financial reporting for the parent and subsidiary, the auditor will consider assessing the risks levels for the assignment. In particular, the inherent risks, control risks, and detection risks will be assessed and assigned a specific percentage. The higher percentage in any of the mentioned three will require the auditor to apply other skills he/she possess in establishing an appropriate approach to be applied during the audit. Also, the identification of the audit risk level is important to the auditor in considering whether to accept or reject an assignment. (Chan et al . 2008) All organizations are legally required to prepare their financial reports. The report is essentially required by various parties. The parties include the government, the banks, the shareholders, the creditors of the company and the prospective investors. For instance, the government requires the report in verifying the information filed by the company in the tax systems. And the shareholders will use the report in determining the viability of the investment. The investors majorly rely on the financial ratios in ascertaining the return on the investment. To enhance transparency, the auditor is obligated with perusing various documents to check key aspects of conformity, disclosure, assertions and others in the prepared reports. (Karen 2012, p. 56-63) The paper has started by outlining and discussing possible factors that contributed to an increased inherent risk assessment at the financial report level. Further, the paper has discussed on the factors that can be identified during strategic business risk assessment. In addition, the paper has discussed several inherent risks factors that would have contributed to increased inherent risk assessment at the account balance levels. And finally, the paper has assessed the level of going concern by giving factors supporting the basis of the decision about One Tel company. (Armour 2010, p. 65) Factors That Contributed To an Increased Inherent Risk Assessment at The Financial Report Level As earlier defined, an inherent risk refers to the susceptibility of an assertion about a transaction, account balance or disclosure to be misstated. Generally, the auditor determines the likelihood of the misstatement before establishing the effectiveness of the client's internal control systems. Areas that are exposed to high rates of misstatement are given greater consideration. For instance, the auditor uses a different approach in examining cash balances as compared to asset and inventory entries. The reason for the difference in the used approaches in assessing the inherent risks levels is attributed to the rate of exposure to the financial misstatement. (Flbier et al. 2015) On the case of One Tel Company, the factors that contributed to an increased inherent risk assessment at the financial report level includes the following: discrepancies of the accounting records, unusual relationships between the auditor and the management, lack of management competence, high earnings growth expectations, disagreement over financial reporting, auditors resignation, unusual transactions, transactions which most of the revenue or expense is recognized at inception of transaction, financial results that seem too good to be true, insistence of the chief executive officer to be present at all meetings and complex business arrangements that serve little practical purpose to the organization. (Kinney 2009, p. 83-90) To start with, the discrepancies of the accounting records, signals an element of misstatement of the reports. Such instance creates an attention to the auditor and may intensify the approaches to use during the audit. If the most of the items are affected by the discrepancies, the auditor will have no otherwise but question the fairness, truthfulness and the completeness of the statements. The unusual relationships between the management and the auditor are aspects that compromise the independence of the audit. In fact, the auditor is not required to associate, or accept gifts from the management. Also, he/she is not supposed to have a family, blood or business relationship with the client. These are metrics that are perceived to interfere with the audit opinion. If such relationships exist between the parties, the level of inherent risk on the financial reports will increase. (Karla et al. 2011) The management is required to be competent enough in ensuring true, fair and accurate results are prepared. Lack of management competence increases the assessment of inherent risks in the financial reports by the auditor. Therefore, the auditor basically examines the competence level of the management in assessing the internal controls that will finally give a leeway in designing the audit approach. Also, a disagreement over the financial reporting by the prior auditor signifies the high levels of inherent risks in the financial statements. Based on this, the chances of having high levels of inherent risks in the next financial reports are very high. Therefore, the current auditor will assign a high inherent risk assessment level on financial misstatement before performing the audit. (Lam 2009, p. 65-67) In cases where the auditor finds most aspect compromising the auditors issuance of an appropriate opinion, resignation becomes the only appropriate alternative. For instance, if the previous auditor resigned from office, the current auditor will assign a high level of inherent risks on the financial reports misstatements. Also, the unusual transactions with outsiders signal an aspect of fraudulent. These are transactions that may involve large sums of money and possesses attributes of insufficient disclosure. In such a scenario, the auditor is alerted to give an appropriate assessment on the financial reports. (Krasnov 2013, p. 37-43) Another aspect earlier stated include financial results that seem too good to be true. These are transactions that are perfect in all areas until to lure the auditor in reducing the level of risk assessment. The truth of the matter will be that the auditor examination will unearth cases of misstatement. Finally, the chief executive officers insistence to be present at all meetings can be perceived as an aim to cover a fraudulent activity. The auditor studies the management behaviour in establishing risk assessment levels.(Lindow et al. 2009) Perhaps, the explored factors have been used in the assessment of inherent risk levels. Also, some of these factors can be used during the strategic business risk assessment. The assessment compares the organization capability in relation to its close competitors. For this case, the factors used include the management competence, the earnings growth expectations, transactions for which most of the revenue or expense are recognized at the inception of the transaction, complex arrangements that serve little practical purpose, and more. These factors are classified under strategic assessment because of their ability to address management and operational concerns. (Needles et al. 2013) Inherent Risk Factors That Would Have Contributed To an Increased Inherent Risk Assessment at The Account Balance Basically, the account balances are affected by the calculation, recording, and the adjustment performed on the accounts. Some of the factors that contribute to increased assessment on the account balances include the following. To start with, the incomplete accounts. Here is where the accounts likely require adjustments. Once the auditor notices this shortcoming on the account balances, the need for intensifying the assessment of inherent risks heightens. Also, the complexity of the underlying transactions alerts the auditor. If discovered that the recorded transactions are so complex to require a third eye for understanding, then the need of increasing the risk assessment levels increases. And the vice versa is true. (Lowers 2013, p. 115-130) In addition, the auditor also checks on the account balances if the recordings were originally reached or reached through judgment. If the judgment was involved in determining the account balances, then there are high chances of increasing the risk assessment levels. In some occasion, the auditor may just decide to increase the risk assessment the susceptibility of the assets to loss or misappropriation is very high. Further, the result of the previous audit greatly impacts on the current risk assessment. If the results from the previous audits indicate that many errors were made in recording the accounts receivable and payables, then probably the likelihood of it repeating in the current years is inevitable. Once the auditor realizes it from the previous audit report, then he/she has no otherwise than increasing the risk assessment on the account balances. (Needles et al. 2013) Another evaluation method includes checking the history of the company on inventory pricing. If the company has a history of inventory pricing errors, then the chances of increasing the risk assessment increases and vice versa. The same applies to the company that has a history of inventory cut-off problems. In discovering that the company endlessly suffers such problems, the inherent risk assessment levels increases. Other self-explanatory factors include the management estimates for the provision for doubtful debts have not been accurate over the past, transactions not subject to ordinary processing, the occurrence of unusual and complex transactions at or near the year end, and more. (Bodine et al. 2014) Assessing the Area of Going Concern for One Tel Company Although the company recorded a net loss during the fiscal year ended 2000 but this is insufficient to make us term the going concern as high or low. It is quite obvious that the going concern for the company is medium. In addition, the companys asset base increased during this period, giving a clear indication that the business will effectively continue to operate in the future. Other key factors that likely to affect the decision on the going concern of the company include the size and the complexity of the organization, the nature, and condition of the business, the degree to which the organization is affected by external factors, the information available regarding bankruptcy and staffing issues and the degree of uncertainty. (Lowers 2013, p. 115-130) To sum up, the going concern of the One Tel Company is still stable. Despite the intensified competition on the market, the company can still pick dominate more market areas. And the success will primarily depend on the ability of the management in establishing effective operational and marketing strategies. But for now, it is quite clear that the company will still remain under operation for the unspecified period of time. (Cernius 2012, p. 76-85) References Armour, M. (2010). Internal Control: Governance Framework and Business Risk Assessment at Reed Elsevier, Auditing: Practice and Theory Supplement 6(150), 65 Bodine, S.W.,A.Pugliese, and P.L. Walker. (2014). A Road Map to Risk Management: Accountancy, 10(5), 525-538. Chan, L., James L. (2008). The Structure of Government Accounting Standards: Auditing of government agencies. London: Palgrave- Macmillan, (1)66, 441-445. Cernius G. (2012). The New Role of The Going Concern Concept In Corporate Finance Management. Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business, 12(3), 7685. DeLoach, J. W. (2013). Enterprise-Wide Risk Management: Strategies for Linking Risk and Opportunity, Financial Time Prentice Hall, 3(19), 56-60 Flbier RU, Klein M. (2015). Balancing Past and Present: The impact of accounting internationalization on German accounting regulations. Accounting History, 20(87), 342-74. Hare, V.C. (2009) Systems Analysis: A Diagnostic Approach, New York: Harcount, Brace, and World, Inc, 27(43), 23-26 Karen K.W. Li. (2012). School of Accountancy: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Hong Kong Standards on Auditing, 28(6), 56-63 Karla M. Johnston, Audrey A. Gramlin, (2011). Auditing: A risk based approach to conducting a quality Audit. South Western. Cengage learning, 7(21), 25-52 Kinney, W.R. (2008). Information Quality Assurance and Internal Control for Management Decisions: Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 3(22), 87-92 Kinney, W.R. (2009). Research Opportunities in Internal Control Quality Assurance and Auditing: Practice and Theory, Supplement, 20(2), 83-90. Krasnov V.D. (2013). Analysis Of The Factors That Cause Doubt In Going Concern, And Their Impact On The Financial Position Of The Organization. International Accounting, 43(33), 3743. Lam, J. (2009). Enterprise-Wide Risk: Management and the Role of the Chief Risk Officer, Erisk.com, 6(10), 65-67 Lindow, P., and J. Race. (2009). Beyond Traditional Audit Techniques: Accountancy, 65(7), 28-33. Lowers, Timothy J. (2013). Auditing and Assurance Services: New York. McGraw, 24(2), 115-130 Needles, Belverd E.,Powers., Miriam (2013). Principles of Financial Accounting Series: London. Cengage Learning, 23(4), 86-92

The Chosen, By Chaim Potok Essays (1143 words) - The Chosen

The Chosen, By Chaim Potok The Chosen The Chosen, a fiction novel written in 1967 by Chaim Potok, is about two young Jewish boys and their friendship. It takes us along with them on their journey from adolescence to adulthood. They face many conflicts, and through those trials the author makes his readers think more deeply into life's true meanings. The novel was set in New York during the Second World War. Since the main characters are Jews, this period of time is very significant. Not only were the Jews persecuted during WWII, but New York was also close to a military base, which made it a prime target for bombing. Even the setting has an underlying sense of tension. One of the protagonists in The Chosen is Reuven Malter. Reuven is an orthodox Jewish boy. He is a very smart and diligent student. His father, David Malter raises Reuven alone in Brooklyn, New York as his mother has already passed away. Reuven has glasses, brown hair and eyes, and dresses in the typical orthodox manner. A plain boy, he has a bright mind and a very caring soul. The other protagonist in the novel is Danny Saunders. Danny is the son of a very devoted Hasidic Jewish tzaddik. However, Danny is not a very enthusiastic Hasid. He has earlocks, grows a beard, and wears the traditional Hasidic outfit, but he doesn't have the reverence for it that he should. Danny is a genius. His religion forbids him to read literature from the outside world, so he struggles with his thirst for knowledge and the restraints that have been put on him by both his father and his religion. He lives with his father, mother, older sister, and younger brother in Brooklyn as well. The first antagonist is Danny. He and Reuven had many difficulties. They resolve their problems in the course of the book, but at the beginning they hate each other. Their religious views are also very opposite. Once they overcome their differences, they become best friends. Reb Saunders is the second antagonist. A Hasidic tzaddik, he led his people into freedom in America. Reb has strange ideas on raising Danny. He believes that silence will teach Danny compassion and give him an understanding for pain. He does not talk to his son about anything but the Talmud. Loving and respecting each other immensely, Reb and Danny just never get a chance to express their feelings with one another. Reb holds Danny back and doesn't allow him to reach his full potential, because he feels it is best for Danny. The most important supporting character is David Malter, Reuven's father. Mr. Malter is a journalist. Weak and often ill, he is a Zionist proud of his religion and heritage. He provides Danny with a worldview giving him the opportunity to expand his mind and broaden his viewpoint. He also gives Reuven self-confidence and the ability to make his own decisions. He supports Reuven, helps him through hard times, and shares insights with him. ?A man must fill his life with meaning, meaning is not automatically given to life. It is hard work to fill one's life with meaning,? Mr. Malter once said to his son. Reuven acts as a buffer between Reb and Danny Saunders. Since Reb feels he can't talk to Danny in order to raise him properly, he talks to Reuven about Danny. They talk to each other through Reuven. Reuven is also a very supportive and encouraging friend to Danny. He gives him advice and is willing to listen to Danny's problems. In this predominately Jewish setting, Billy Merrit and Tony Savo give Reuven a window into the outside world. Reuven learned about Gentile culture when with them. They serve an important role in the novel by teaching Reuven that suffering is universal and life isn't always fair. It really awakened him to new ideas. Each of the main characters have obvious flaws. Danny has a good mind, but no soul. He is brilliant, but he unable to relate to people. Reuven is very bright and relates well to people, but he finds forgiveness difficult in practice. When other characters wrong him, Reuven begrudges them and struggles with mercy. Reb Saunders only knew what

How My Purple Belt Has Helped Me †Creative Writing Short Essay

How My Purple Belt Has Helped Me – Creative Writing Short Essay Free Online Research Papers How My Purple Belt Has Helped Me Creative Writing Short Essay It is important to tighten the lower abdomen during coordinating techniques and movements in tae kwon do because the process of tightening the lower abdomen is helpful in learning how to breathe properly. To me, having confidence means believing or having faith in someone or something. In high school I hated gym class because I thought everybody else was better at sports than I was, and I constantly told myself that I wasn’t physically fit and that I was terrible at sports. My experiences practicing Tae kwon do have helped me change the way I see and think about myself. By no means do I believe that I’m physically fit now, but being physically able to doing the techniques that we are taught in tae kwon do has given me a lot more confidence in my physical abilities. Tae kwon do has also helped me to have more confidence in my abilities because it has helped me accomplish things that I didn’t think were possible. For example, before learning tae kwon do, I wouldn’t have ever imagined that it would be possible for me to do some of the kicks that we learn. This confidence will help me in other areas in my life. I used to be terrified of being attacked while walking at night. I’m still afraid of that, but after learning tae kwon do, I am more confident when walking at night. Having confidence is also helpful academically because students are more likely to succeed if they believe in themselves. Research Papers on How My Purple Belt Has Helped Me - Creative Writing Short EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XStandardized TestingThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraMind TravelPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Hip-Hop is Art

America Industrial Revolution

Industrial revolution has been identified as the defining force behind the tremendous economic growth witnessed in the American nation during the 19th and twentieth century (Hudson 56). Thanks to industrial revolution, the American nation improved its ability to conduct mass production both for its domestic needs and surplus for export. Just to be appreciated here is the factor that the sustainable economic development of any nation does not only depend on self-sufficiency but on its ability to conduct international business. Another important aspect of the American industrial revolution is that it led to the formalization of employment, a factor that served to mitigate human exploitation (Collier, and Kevin 21). Â  However, the American industrial revolution is blamed for compromising the sustainable competitive advantage of small scale cortege industries in the nation (Michigan State University). The revolution is also significantly blamed for compromising the cultural identity of the individual American ethnic groups (Hudson 88). This is because it led to increased social intermixing of races as well as cross-race marriages. Still, the revolution is closely attributed to an increase in environmental hazards among American communities (Hudson 91). This paper is written as a discussion on the effects of the American industrial revolution. The author takes a look at both sides of the implications of the revolution to the American people. Effects of industrial revolution to the life of the Americans There are many positive effects of the American industrial revolution to the people of America. According to available historical information, the massive industrial growth in the American nation during the 19th century is the direct result of its current superpower status in the globe. Following the emergence of the industrial revolution, the people of America enjoyed the concept of increased production in the industries, a factor that greatly improved their investment profitability (Collier, and Kevin 21). It is worth noting that the sole purpose of any investor is to ensure maximum profits. Although slaves provided cheap labor for agricultural industries in America, their productivity could not much the modernized agricultural practices that came with the industrial revolution. Another important effect of the American industrial revolution is that it led to the formalization of employment in the nation (Collier, and Kevin 21). Prior to the onset of the industrial revolution, slavery was one of the most commonly employed forms of labor for fueling the economy of America. This was a negation of the human rights since slaves were perceived as a property to their masters rather than human beings who deserved decent treatment. Nevertheless, with the coming of the industrial revolution, there came more effective and reliable machine technologies, a factor which negated the need for forced labor in the industries (Collier, and Kevin 25). This greatly improved the working conditions for the employed people of America. Still on formalization of employment is the creation of new employment opportunities for the American citizens (Michigan State University). The onset of industrial revolution brought with it new jobs for the different professional classes in the American nation. This did not only serve to improve the living standards for some members of the community but also as an encouragement for professionalism among Americans. Also, the revolution is to be thanked for the innovative development of industrial management and leadership principles as well as strategic marketing practices in America (Collier, and Kevin 27). With increased level of productivity, management and industrial leadership principles grew. Such also called for the expansionism process by the American nation in the quest to ensure sustainable market for its surplus products. According to proponents of the industrial revolution, the American industrial revolution brought with it the need for innovative approach to problem solving. It is rightly asserted that necessity is the ultimate mother of invention. Still, it is worth to acknowledge the fact that the process of industrialization has undergone many challenges. Based on this reasoning, the American industrial revolution is praised for the overall improvement of the technological and economic stand of the American nation (Collier, and Kevin 28). As per the available information, America is one of the leading influences in the international industrial product market to date. This gives its citizens a competitive advantage over those of other nations. Also, the extensive industrial revolution that marked America during the 19th and early 20th centuries are to be praised for the power control enjoyed by the nation across the globe (Michigan State University). According to available information, due to the influence of its industrial revolution, the American nation enjoys the competitive advantage of intellectual properties. Just to be underscored here is the fact that intellectual properties are found to promote the economic advantage of a nation. This is because they are protected by the law against use by other persons without providing commercial benefits to the source. Therefore, since the revolution led to establishment of numerous intellectual property rights, it served to protect the social and economic stability of the American people (Hudson 67).

PACT analysis and prototype design for an interactive system Essay

PACT analysis and prototype design for an interactive system - Essay Example Also, the other people involved in the project are obviously going to be the users of the interface that will be developed in order to visualise what is being renovated. What is interesting is that the various stages of renovation can be accessed at various points of the program that is to be developed. This will allow users to be able to work from a blueprint and be able to assemble, by themselves, the Windsor Castle—at various stages of its development. The age range for this project would probably be starting at age 12 and range to 90+. Their means to do a lot would be limited with this program. Language should not be a major issue with the people involved in assembling the project (the users). (219 words) Activities. The activity that users actually do now is probably something like assembling one single hologram puzzle in which the image of the Windsor Castle is projected into the air. The special characteristics that this activity possesses is that users get to be intera ctive with the pieces as manipulatables, are able to assemble one version of the castle, and can see a finished product—a hologram of the Windsor Castle itself (but one version only). There is not much that can be done to eliminate repetition except to somehow eliminate the need to use pieces to tack onto the existing puzzle. In order to make the activity more fun, it might be nice to construct a computerized virtual model of Windsor Castle, and have this software be able to construct different models of the castle based on the time period in which the castle is being built. The activities that the new design will support will include as many different versions of the castle whereby the entire castle would be rebuilt, as well as the ability to walk through all the different rooms of the castle—major rooms only. (189 words) Context of use. The features of the current context are very rudimentary. Ideally, the environment in which the software is used would be leisurely and quiet. The system would need some level of training in order to use it, whereas the current puzzle game would require little to no training. Physical puzzles can be solved together with more than one person, while the prototype that would eventually be the product would probably only have room for one user at a time. The ecological acceptability of the design would be helpful in that it would use energy, i.e., power to run the computer. If one wanted to use a diamond to project holographic images, that would not be legally acceptable, especially considering that there are a lot of blood diamonds circulating. Whereas, with a puzzle, one is probably going to have to sacrifice trees to make the paper to make the puzzle pieces. Socially, a computer program is acceptable as a means of learning information. The legal problems that might be presented in demonstrating a building that might have copyrights associated with its image would have to be taken up with the proper authorities wi thin and without the monarchy of Britain. (197 words) Current Technology. The technology used now is computer software. However, a piece of computer software which would be able to project a hologram off of the screen would be quite novel. The problems with current holographical software regarding a virtual reality program is that the equipment to produce images using such a product is expensive, not to mention expensive to the

2. Why, when and by whom was the NAACP founded Assess its Essay

2. Why, when and by whom was the NAACP founded Assess its effectiveness - Essay Example The founders included WEB Dubois (African American), William English Walling (Caucasian) and Ida Wells-Barnett (German-born Caucasian). Other White liberals who participated in the formation include Mary White and Henry Moscowitz. Early members of NAACP include Jane Addams, Mary Talbert, Charles Russell, George White and Ray Baker. Following the Niagara Movement (1905) objectives, NAACP clearly stated that it was focused on ensuring civil rights of all people that were provided by 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments of the Constitution that provided equal legal rights and abolishment of slavery2. In 1915, NAACP petitioned showing of the birth of a nation film. In 1919, NAACP organized a symposium and published the â€Å"thirty years of lynching in the United States 1899-1918†. NAACP supported the Anti-lynching bill that was destined to ending instances of lynching in America but the Senate rejected the bill. Another notable contribution was involvement in Harlem Renaissance where Black Americans wanted more rights to engage in artistic and intellectual activities in the society. Through the tireless efforts of NAACP, many Blacks became respected authors, dancers, singers and artists in 1920s and 1930s. NAACP also helped the minority households who faced harsh economic situation during the Great Depression by advocating for the reduction in taxes. The organization campaigned for the end of racial discrimination in the armed forces and other State defense industries. President Roosevelt finally accepted to allow minorities to participate in thousands of State jobs after NAACP threatened to organize public marches in 1941. The struggle for equality in employment led to the establishment of Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) that was supposed to ensure fairness in employment matters3. NAACP participated in ending racial segregation. Thurgood Marshall, the head of educational and legal defense fund,